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Christoph Samuel John

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Profile engraving by Gottlob August Liebe (1746–1819)

Christoph Samuel John (11 August 1747 – 1 September 1813) was a German missionary in the service of the Danish-Halle Mission in southern India at the Danish settlement of Tranquebar (Tharangambadi). He promoted schools, natural theology, and collected specimens of local natural history which he sent to collaborators and several species have been named from his collections including the plant Impatiens johnii, the snake Eryx johnii and the fish genus Johnius and the species Lutjanus johnii.

Life and work

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Anthias johnii

John was born in Frobersgrün near Greiz to priest Julius Gerhard (1708–1780) and Catharina Dorothea Pyrläus (c. 1710–1780). He studied theology at the university of Halle while also teaching at an orphanage under Johann Georg Knapp. He was ordained in 1769 at Copenhagen and went with the mission to Tranquebar along with Wilhelm Jacobus Müller, leaving on 16 March 1771 after a previous plan to sail on January 6, 1770, had to be cancelled due to winter ice.[1]

Grave of John in the New Jerusalem Church

In India he lived in poverty for a while and then began to follow the system of Serampore to be involved in education. He then became involved in establishing a school for the children of Europeans as well as one for Indians where the children paid for the education by working on plantations. The funding crunch was brought on by the clash between England and Denmark and John made use of local teachers.[2] John was influenced into the study of natural history by Johann Gerhard König[3] and began to collect specimens. He sent fishes, along with illustrations made by natives to Patrick Russell and to Marcus Élieser Bloch in Berlin. He began a botanical garden[4] and sent plant specimens to William Roxburgh.[5] He used sessions of observation under the microscope as part of his religious teaching. In 1770 he visited J. H. Chemnitz in Elsinore and corresponded with him subsequently. Chemnitz was a promoter of a form of natural theology known as testaceotheology or the use of molluscs for preaching.[3] Patrick Russell named Eryx johnii and Bloch named Lutjanus johnii after him.[6] The naturalist Heinrich Julius Lebeck (1772–1800), a former student of John, made two visits to Tranquebar. John called Lebeck as the crown of his former educational establishment and had Bloch name the fish Uranoscopus lebeck after him.[7] John could speak English, Portuguese and Tamil apart from German.[8][9][10] John fell afoul of many in the mission and faced much opposition to his involvement in education.[1][11]

John married Christina Sophia Guldberg at Tranquebar on 27 November 1776. John suffered from blindness and lung disease and died of a stroke in Tranquebar and is buried at the New Jerusalem Cemetery.[1]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Fenger, J. Ferdinand (1863). History of the Tranquebar mission worked out from the original papers. Tranquebar: Evangelical Lutheran Mission Press. pp. 287–294.
  2. ^ Kaell, Hillary (2022). "The long history of child sponsorship, c. 1700–1950". Historical Research. 95 (267): 45–61. doi:10.1093/hisres/htab031. ISSN 0950-3471.
  3. ^ a b Jensen, Niklas Thode (2019). "Translating Nature: Changes in the perception and utilization of Science in the Halle Mission in South India, c. 1706-1813" (PDF). Indian Journal of History of Science. 54 (4). doi:10.16943/ijhs/2019/v54i4/49772. ISSN 0019-5235. S2CID 213766307. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-02-15.
  4. ^ Stewart, Ralph R. (1982). "Missionaries and Clergymen as Botanists in India and Pakistan". Taxon. 31 (1): 57–64. doi:10.2307/1220590. hdl:2027.42/149715. ISSN 0040-0262. JSTOR 1220590.
  5. ^ Larwood, H. J. C. (1962). "Western Science in India before 1850". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 94 (1–2): 62–76. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00120544. ISSN 1356-1863. S2CID 163654885.
  6. ^ MacGregor, Arthur (2018-04-24). "European Enlightenment in India: an Episode of Anglo-German Collaboration in the Natural Sciences on the Coromandel Coast, Late 1700s–Early 1800s". In MacGregor, A. (ed.). Naturalists in the Field: Collecting, Recording and Preserving the Natural World from the Fifteenth to the Twenty-First Century. Brill. pp. 365–392. doi:10.1163/9789004323841_014. ISBN 978-90-04-32384-1.
  7. ^ John, C.S. (1801). "Beschreibng und Abbildung des Uranoscopus lebeckii". Der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, Neue Schriften. 3: 283–287.
  8. ^ Balmforth, Mark E. (2020). "A Tamil Pietist in Ceylon: The Educational Experiments of Christian David". International Journal of Asian Christianity. 3 (1): 44–68. doi:10.1163/25424246-00301004. ISSN 2542-4238. S2CID 216162639.
  9. ^ Jackson, E.M. (1999). Anderson, Gerald H. (ed.). Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 334.
  10. ^ Geisen, Nico (2020-09-22). "Das soziale Leben der Naturdinge". Die junge Mommsen (in German). 2. Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, V. Die Junge Mommsen E. doi:10.18452/21956.
  11. ^ Grinder-Hansen, Keld (2009). "The schools of Tranquebar: An educational field of cultural encounters and conflicts". Review of Development and Change. 14 (1–2): 61–86. doi:10.1177/0972266120090105. ISSN 0972-2661. S2CID 200125948.
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